This school will be dedicated to comprehensive survey of the frontier of theoretical and observational cosmology just when the first cosmological results of the Planck observatory will have been released. Special emphasis will be given to the CMB, both as a possible window on the still unknown laws of physics at very high energy and as a backlight for studying the puzzles of the late-time Universe. A significant fraction of the lectures will highlight connections of fundamental physics with other areas of cosmology and astrophysics.